When faced with the challenge of growing congestion in major cities, most transportation policy experts recommend increasing public transportation ridership. But anyone who has spent time in Jakarta will tell you that the capital’s public transportation system is nowhere near adequate.

The city’s buses and jitneys are in bad physical condition. They are dirty, the seats are often broken and the exhaust pipes spew black smog, all of which makes for an uncomfortable travel experience. Buses and jitneys are also considered unreliable because they are infrequent and do not follow fixed timetables.

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